Argument schemes

Expert Testimony

Weighs a claim by the standing of the expert who asserts it — never by how loudly it is repeated.

Its critical questions

A claim inferred by this scheme is provisional: it stands only while these stay open or favourable, and an unfavourable answer withdraws the inference.

• Is the source a genuine expert in this field?
• Is the assertion within their expertise?
• Do other experts agree?
• Might the source be biased?

Inferred by this scheme

• Detainees are held in Israeli prisons in Israel.

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• The photo shows Osama, the son of Rana Abu Nasser.

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• Joshua Kerry opened the passenger side of a car.

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• It is true that around 2,500 Palestinians are held without any formal charges under administrative detention.

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• The photo shows Amin, Joudeh al‑Ghoul's son.

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• The United States was involved in February 2023.

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• The UK Royal Navy was involved.

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• The UK Royal Navy was involved.

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