Argument schemes

Expert Testimony

Weighs a claim by the standing of the expert who asserts it — never by how loudly it is repeated.

Its critical questions

A claim inferred by this scheme is provisional: it stands only while these stay open or favourable, and an unfavourable answer withdraws the inference.

• Is the source a genuine expert in this field?
• Is the assertion within their expertise?
• Do other experts agree?
• Might the source be biased?

Inferred by this scheme

• The nearest bomb shelter was located about 100 meters from the venue.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Russia provided Iran with targeting information and other support during its strikes on US facilities across the wider Gulf region.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• A Ukrainian maritime drone exploded at the Black Sea port of Constanta in June 2026.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• The timing of the designation is difficult to separate from the Bolsonaro family’s efforts to enlist Washington in its political fight with President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva’s government.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Russia likely played a role in the attacks on the regional CIA facilities.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• The Trump administration had not provided sufficient factual information to support the stated reasons for dismissing the charges.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Russia likely played a role in the attacks on the regional CIA facilities.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Iran most likely replenished its missile stocks with new Russian weapons and restored a significant part of its missile arsenal during the eight-week ceasefire with the United States.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Paragon Solutions Graphite spyware is capable of remote phone access.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• All of KSM’s cousins were known to the CIA to have connections to al‑Qaeda, and Abu Musab and Abu Khalid were also known to the agency for handling logistical and administrative matters for the group.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Paragon Solutions Graphite spyware is capable of remote phone access.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Charles McGonigal and others attempted to hide Oleg Deripaska's involvement through shell companies, forged documents, and coded communications.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Audra Christiansen contacted the FBI again in 2020.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Israel deliberately targeted the ambulance crew.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Israeli forces or settlers killed 76 Palestinians between Jan 1 and July 24.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Three Israeli tanks were in the vicinity of Hind Rajab's family vehicle at the time of the attack.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• A number of Israeli tanks were present and one of them likely fired 335 rounds at the car carrying Hind Rajab and her family.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Charles McGonigal pleaded guilty in 2023 to conspiracy charges stemming from his work for Oleg Deripaska.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Charles McGonigal agreed to provide services to Oleg Deripaska in violation of federal sanctions laws and participated in a money‑laundering conspiracy.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• The Secret Service did not receive 102 local radio transmissions about Thomas Crooks.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Detainees are held in Israeli prisons in Israel.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• The photo shows Osama, the son of Rana Abu Nasser.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• Joshua Kerry opened the passenger side of a car.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• It is true that around 2,500 Palestinians are held without any formal charges under administrative detention.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• The photo shows Amin, Joudeh al‑Ghoul's son.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• The United States was involved in February 2023.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• The UK Royal Navy was involved.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open

• The UK Royal Navy was involved.

  2 premises depth 1 3 open